Thursday, May 11, 2017

Theatre of Cruelty, 16th C


Horribilia scelera ab Hugenotis in Gallijs perpetrata j


Horrenda inhumanitatis genera à Geusijs Belgicis peracta d


Horrenda inhumanitatis genera à Geusijs Belgicis peracta c


Horrenda inhumanitatis genera à Geusijs Belgicis peracta b


Persecutiones adversus Catholicos à Protestantibus Caluinistis excitae in Anglia a


Horribilia scelera ab Hugenotis in Gallijs perpetrata i


Horribilia scelera ab Hugenotis in Gallijs perpetrata d


Schismaticorum in Anglia crudelitas b


Schismaticorum in Anglia crudelitas a


Schismaticorum in Anglia crudelitas


Horribilia scelera ab Hugenotis in Gallijs perpetrata f


Beheading execution of Mary Queen of Scots


Persecutiones adversus Catholicos à Protestantibus Caluinistis excitae in Anglia c


Persecutiones adversus Catholicos à Protestantibus Caluinistis excitae in Anglia f


Persecutiones adversus Catholicos à Protestantibus Caluinistis excitae in Anglia e


Persecutiones adversus Catholicos à Protestantibus Caluinistis excitae in Anglia d


Horrenda inhumanitatis genera à Geusijs Belgicis peracta a


Theatrvm Crudelitatum Hæreticorum Nostri Temporis


Theatrvm Crudelitatum Hæreticorum Nostri Temporis b


Theatrvm Crudelitatum Hæreticorum Nostri Temporis a



Richard Verstegan (aka Richard Rowlands) (?1548-?1636) was a Catholic Anglo-Dutch antiquarian, goldsmith and book publisher. The first half of his life was spent in England, but his religion prevented him from obtaining a degree from Oxford University, where he is thought to have studied English history and the Anglo-Saxon language.

Either following from the prejudice he suffered at Oxford or as a response to the incarceration and treatment of Mary Queen of Scots* (her 1587 beheading is seen above), Verstegan published the first edition of his martyrologium, 'Theatrum Crudelitatum', in 1583. The book may also have been conceived as a Catholic version of the famous Protestant 'Book of Martyrs' [published in 1563 as 'Actes and Monuments'] by John Foxe.

Verstegan's book attempted to record, in gruesome detail, the cruelty, torture and murder of Catholic martyrs in Europe - including English victims under the reigns of Mary I and Elizabeth I* - at the hands of Protestant heretics. Upon publication, the author was arrested and imprisoned for libel against the Crown and all books were confiscated and destroyed (a single page has been saved). Through the intervention of friends in the clerical hierarchy, Verstegan was able to secure his release and he fled the country, ultimately settling in Antwerp.

Verstegan became a very prolific and influential author and publisher in his adopted city. One of his early works was the expanded and definitive version of 'Theatrum Crudelitatum' which was published in Latin in 1587. At least some of the engravings were produced by the author (artistic training having been acquired through his goldsmith apprenticeship). It proved to be a popular book and translated editions were released soon after for the various European markets.

Although his publishing house concentrated on the production of Catholic devotional literature, Verstegan himself was known to have worked as an intelligence agent for Roman, English and Jesuit Catholics and he penned political and satirical articles for a newspaper (making him one of the earliest known journalists), all the while operating as a book and people smuggler during the Reformation*. A question mark apparently remains over a lot of works, in terms of attribution, both because Verstegan's publishing output often lacked identification marks and also because his son, with the same name, became increasingly involved in the firm's productions.

The chapter titles from the book (seen as title tags on mouseover of the unordered images above) that are included at the top of each illustrated page [the last three images above show the layout for all illustrated pages] are:

-- Persecutiones adversus Catholicos à Protestantibus Caluinistis excitae in Anglia
-- Horribilia scelera ab Hugenotis in Gallijs perpetrata
-- Horrenda inhumanitatis genera à Geusijs Belgicis peracta
-- Schismaticorum in Anglia crudelitas

Friday, May 5, 2017

Early Herb & Gardening Books

Thomas Hill The Gardner's Labyrinth 1608

Lusitano Amato Dioscorides Anzarebei De medica materia 1558

You're absolutely correct - not all these images really match the title. These are just the ones that caught my eye from a large collection available at an old Arizona State University website.

Durante Castore Herbario nuovo 1617

Hernando Francisco Rerum medicarum Novæ Hispaniæ thesaurus 1651

Pierre Pomet Histoire generale des drogues 1712


Doris and Marc Patten donated their extensive set of herbal and gardening books to Hayden Library at ASU and a large number of example images from the collection have been digitized.

This is an excellent set of illustrations. Excellent. There is even an outline of the publishing history and short review of each author and their work. This may be a few years old and I'm sure I've seen some of the images previously but this one is worth recirculating periodically, even if it is known around the traps.

Thursday, May 4, 2017

Swiss Fruit, 19th C

An 1860s pomological manuscript documents
the varieties of pears (birensorte) and
apples (apfelsorte) unique to Switzerland

Pomology is a branch of botany relating to the study and cultivation of fruit [W]. I don't believe a post devoted to fruit drawings has ever appeared on facsimilium. It's not for want of material; it's more about the general mediocrity of the genre. Pomological collections tend to be the poor orphan of the botanical world in terms of illustrative qualities. I've saved a lot of samples over the years, but could never quite generate enough enthusiasm to pull the trigger. Until today: this naturalistic and unpretentious set caught my eye. I like it. [Yes, yes: it's all *in my opinion*. Being emperor and guardian of this site has its privileges.]


Birnensorte Winter-Dechantsbirne (Doyenné d'hiver)


Birnensorte Winter-Dechantsbirne (Doyenné d'hiver)



Birnensorte Wasserbirne


Birnensorte Wasserbirne



Birnensorte Sommer-Apothekerbirne (Bon-Chrétien d'été, Römerbirne)


Birnensorte Sommer-Apothekerbirne (Bon-Chrétien d'été, Römerbirne)



Birnensorte St. Germain (Hermannsbirne)


Birnensorte St. Germain (Hermannsbirne



Birnensorte Sülibirne


Birnensorte Sülibirne



Birnensorte Regentin (Passe Colmar, Beurré d'Argenson)


Birnensorte Regentin (Passe Colmar, Beurré d'Argenson)



Birnensorte Graue Herbst-Butterbirne (Beurré gris)


Birnensorte Graue Herbst-Butterbirne (Beurré gris)



Birnensorte Schweizer Bratbirne


Birnensorte Schweizer Bratbirne



Apfelsorte Schafnase (Naht-Apfel, Baarapfel von Wädensweil)


Apfelsorte Schafnase (Naht-Apfel, Baarapfel von Wädensweil)



Birnensorte Clairgeau's Butterbirne (Beurré Clairgeau, Poire Clairgeau)


Birnensorte Clairgeau's Butterbirne (Beurré Clairgeau, Poire Clairgeau)



Birnensorte Längler (Poire d'Etranguillon)


Birnensorte Längler (Poire d'Etranguillon)



Apfelsorte Weisser Winter Calvill (Calville blanc d'hiver, Calville blanche à côtes


Apfelsorte Weisser Winter Calvill (Calville blanc d'hiver, Calville blanche à côtes



Apfelsorte Waldhöfler Holzapfel


Apfelsorte Waldhöfler Holzapfel



Apfelsorte Schafnase (Naht-Apfel, Baarapfel von Wädensweil)


Apfelsorte Schafnase (Naht-Apfel, Baarapfel von Wädensweil



Apfelsorte Gaesdonker Reinette


Apfelsorte Gaesdonker Reinette



Apfelsorte Pariser Rambour Reinette (Reinette de Paris)


Apfelsorte Pariser Rambour Reinette (Reinette de Paris)



Apfelsorte Luikenapfel


Apfelsorte Luikenapfel



Apfelsorte Hornussecher


Apfelsorte Hornussecher


In mid-19th century Switzerland, the wider agricultural community - farmers and rural agricultural associations -  recognised that fruit production was both an important local occupation and also a significant contributor to the national economy. Fruit-growing stakeholders wanted to safeguard the industry, and had been agitating for a long time in support of creating a scientific guide and visual record of all the fruit varieties in the country. The Swiss Agricultural Society commissioned an extensive and detailed review of the apple and pear varieties, grown in Switzerland, through a St Gallen publishing house.

A committee of gardeners, civil servants and the like was formed to direct the project in consultation with Swiss growers and provincial agricultural societies. They chose the varieties of fruit to include and advised how specimens could be collected. The illustrator (Salomon Bühlmeier) was tasked with sketching specific views of the fruits and the branch twigs on which they grew. The committee also guided the nature of the text that accompanied each of the illustrations when it was published: systematic and common names, geographical distribution, general fruit, flower and tree descriptions, details about growing seasons and harvesting, characteristics of the fruit varieties and how they could be prepared and used in the kitchen. The enterprise was supported by some unnamed pomologists and farming types, including, in particular, one Herr Pfau-Schellenberg.

Salomon Bühlmeier (1814-1876) was an academy trained artist who specialised in painting and etching and taught drawing in St Gallen when the pomological project came up. Between 1863 and 1872, Bühlmeier travelled the country contacting farmers and regional agricultural societies, and he produced an exhaustive study of Swiss apples and pears. His watercolour and pencil fruit and twig sketches were drawn life-size, and were turned into lithographs for publication in serial format. I believe the intention was for twice yearly instalments, each featuring five apples and five pears and the final books (a volume for each fruit) contained up to 200 fruit varieties in total (presumably).

About 190 of Bühlmeier's actual sketches were donated to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. These charming artworks were digitised and uploaded only last year. So we are seeing the original drawings above and not the lithographic plates from the final publication (which was called, incidentally, 'Swiss Fruits' (1872), edited by the Swiss Agricultural Society). I saw commentary suggesting that 'Swiss Fruits' was the first ever lithographic publication devoted to fruit species.