"Buccaneers of America" by Alexandre Exquemelin, 17th Century

François l'Olonnais (French) was probably the most cruel pirate in the Caribbean during the 1660s. He caused several losses to Spanish imperium (was known as "El filibustero francés"). He and his crew raped, pillaged, killed and burned complete towns. His operation base was Tortuga Island and payed all his crimes at the end. He had a terrible dead in Darien, Panama, eaten by Kuna tribe. As said in this codex, "tore him in pieces alive, throwing his body limb by limb into the fire and his ashes into the air; to the intent no trace nor memory might remain of such an infamous, inhuman creature."

Original title for this codex is “The Buccaneers of America. A true account of the most remarkable assaults committed of late years upon the coasts of West Indies by the Buccaneers of Jamaica and Tortuga”. This Codex is available on facsimilium DVD collection.

Alexandre Olivier Exquemelin, born about 1645 in France, was the author of this amazing codex, one of the most important sourcebooks of 17th century caribbean piracy. In 1666, while he was trying to escape from European religious persecutions –he was Huguenot-, was engaged by the French West India Company, and travelled to America. During this travel, his merchant ship was intercepted by Caribbean pirates that conducted him to Tortuga Island, where he stayed for at least three years learning and practicing as barber-surgeon. After this time, he finally enlisted with the buccaneers, in particular with the band of Henry Morgan, and remained with them until 1674.

Shortly afterwards he returned to Europe and settled in Amsterdam where he qualified professionally as a surgeon, his name appearing on the 1679 register of the Dutch Surgeons' Guild. However, he was later once again in the Caribbean as his name appears on the muster-roll as a surgeon in the attack on Cartagena de Indias in 1697. At the end, Mr Exquemelin, although a good chronist, was just simply... a caribbean pirate.

The damage inflicted upon Gibraltar (southern shore of Lake Maracaibo) by pirates was so great that the city, formerly a major centre for the exportation of cacao, nearly ceased to exist by 1680.

Bartholomew the Portuguese, another terrible cruelty caribbean pirate, well known by the Spaniards.

Pirate attack on Cartagena de Indias in 1697, by Pirate Baron Pointis.

Pirate attack to Panama Town

“History of Mexico” by Juan de Tovar, 17th Century

God Quetzalcoatl

Juan de Tovar, also known as the “Mexican Ciceron”, was the son of a Spaniard conqueror, arrived to Americas with the expedition of Pánfilo de Narvaez to explore and conquer the territories of gulf of Mexico, taking lands between actual Tampa (Florida) to Mississippi river for Carlos V of Spain.

Juan de Tovar entered the Jesuit order in 1573 and spent his life doing missionary work in Mexico, learning local languages like náhuatl, otomí and mazahua. After collecting all pre-Columbian Aztec codexes he could, he started their transcription, helped by natives.

This spectacular codex, “History of Mexico”, contains detailed information about the rites and ceremonies of the Aztecs; painted illustrations of mexican scenes, indian dances, and history. As main characteristic, this codex includes an elaborate comparison of the Aztec year with the Christian calendar. There's another codex from Juan de Tovar, known as "Codex Ramirez" or "Tovar manuscript", very similar to his "History of Mexico", hosted at John Carter Library, Brown University (Rhode Island, US).

Image below represents the xocotl huetzi (xocotlhuetzi) ceremony, related to the collection of the fruits of the earth and the ritual death of plants. It involved cutting a tree and placing an image of the god on the top. Copal and food were then offered to the tree. Young men were encouraged to climb the tree to get the image and gain a reward. Four captives were sacrificed by being thrown into a fire and by having their hearts extracted.

xocotl huetzi (xocotlhuetzi) ceremony, that included human sacrifice

Aztec calendar (month of June)

Maxcala Idol

Aztec Calendar representation