The "Saptasalokīgītāṭīkāvāle", or Veneration of Hindu deities (18th Century)

First hindu manuscript on facsimilium (they are hard to find!!): The "Saptasalokīgītāṭīkāvāle" is a richly illuminated collection of different texts of praise, unified as a popular pocket book, to be used in private or public veneration of various Hindu deities: Lord Ganesha, Lord Shiva, Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu, Goddess Durga, Goddess Lakshmi, Goddess Saraswati, Sita, Rama, Lakshmana, Hanuman, Radha and Krishna, Mata Shakti, Mata Tripori Sondari Devi, Shiva Bhagwati (Akingam, Anantnag), Sharda Mata Temple at Gushi (Kupwara)

Codex is structured as follows:

• First two chapters are a selection of verses taken from different sections of the well known Bhagavadgītā with an extensive Hindi commentary in the first section. Both are presented as a discourse between the legendary figure Arjuna and the deity Krsna. The verses include discussion of themes regarding self-realization and mental focusand draws parallels between such knowledge and the knowledge of the Vedas.

• Third section is dedicated to the ten Visnu avatāras and derived from different sections of the Mahābharata. A number of other praise (stotra) texts follows and includes a short collection of stotras attributed to the medieval philosopher Samkara. Text is incomplete, but ends with a set of praises and mantras directed at the deity Śiva. Regarding the term "Avatar", many denominations of Hinduism such as Vaishnavism and some schools of Saivism teach that occasionally a god comes to Earth as a human being to help humans in their struggle toward enlightenment and salvation (moksha). Such an incarnation of a god is called an avatar, or avatāra. Hinduism teaches that there have been multiple avatars throughout history and that there will be more.

The manuscript includes 13 painted illustrations, most of which are for the avatāras of Visnu.

Codex is hosted by Penn Libraries at Pennsylvania University (My favourite section is "Selected Manuscripts").

The Madrid Codex (13th-14th Century)

Maya warrior (upper half) and Deity on lower half

Also known as the Tro-Cortesianus Codex, this fascinating Maya Book is held by the Museo de America in Madrid, Spain. It mainly consists on almanacs, horoscopes, astronomical tables -and even a complete description of the New Year ceremony- used by Maya priests in the performance of their ceremonies and divinatory rituals.

The “bad part” of this codex is a complete description of how to proceed for a human sacrifice to invoke rainfall. It has been demonstrated that the Codex was written before the Spanish conquest and also proceeds from the Yucatán Peninsula. Some of the drawings are similar to the murals found at Chichen Itza, Mayapan and sites on the east coast such as Santa Rita, Tancah and Tulum. (Updated on October 9th: regarding human sacrifices on American precolombine cultures, I forgot to link this post with another codex we presented time ago: “History of Mexico” by Juan de Tovar, 17th Century, that included some rites and ceremonies of the Aztecs like the xocotl huetzi (xocotlhuetzi) ceremony, a human sacrifice...link to post here)

Technical characteristics: 56 sheets painted on both sides to produce a total of 112 pages, on amate paper, folded up in accordion style. It's delicated and not public shown in Spain, because Mayas used a extremely thin layer of fine stucco over the amate paper as painting surface that can be easily damaged (see white areas in the middle of the coloured images on the digitized pages below).

There are 3? additional Maya Codices that survived to our days: Codex Dresde, Codex Paris and Codex Grolier (recently discovered, in 1971; and still under study to determine if its original or false). I will probably complete this post -or create a new one- when I finally can obtain a complete digitized copy of Dresde Codex.

External links, articles and related information about Maya Codices:

• Fundacion para el avance de los estudios mesoamericanos (Foundation to promote Mesoamerican Projects, english version not available). Best link for additional information & deep interest on this matter. They even have a PDF digitized version of the Madrid Codex at FAMSI, divided into 4 blocks... not tested, because I obtained the complete digital facsimil at thepiratebay as safe-verified torrent file (!).
• Article, by Vékony, Atilla (1999). "Mayan Codex Facsimiles" (University of Arizona), link provided. Don't particularly agree with note regarding the "organized book-burnings of Franciscan missionaries"
• Ciudad Ruiz, Andrés; and Alfonso Lacadena (1999). J.P. Laporte and H.L. Escobedo. ed. "El Códice Tro-Cortesiano de Madrid en el contexto de la tradición escrita Maya [The Tro-Cortesianus Codex of Madrid in the context of the Maya writing tradition]". Link to article (tested) here. Best article I could find on internet about this matter (but written in spanish).
• In 1873 J. M. Melgar y Serrano, known for his descriptions of a monolithic Olmec colossal head, published an article which purported to translate a Maya manuscript belonging to Señor Miró. The article showed, somewhat poorly, a copy of an engraving of a drawing of what we now refer to as page 16 of the Madrid Codex, taken from La Ilustración de Madrid, Núm. 29 (March 15, 1871), link here.

For a high resolution, pdf version of this manuscript, contact me (facsimilium AT gmail DOT com).